High-strength and high-toughness non heat-treated steel having excellent machinability

ABSTRACT

A non heat-treated steel of high strength, toughness and machinability which can be used in its as-worked state without calling for any special treatment after working. It contains less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.50 wt % S and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N.

This is a 371 of PCT/JP97/03380 filed Sep. 24, 1997.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

This invention relates to a non heat-treated steel which exhibits high levels of strength, toughness and machinability without being heat-treated prior to cutting after hot rolling, and which is suitable as a machine structural steel used by cutting after hot rolling, and after hot or cold working if required.

2. Background Art

A machine structural alloy steel SCM435 or SCM440 as specified by JIS G4105 has hitherto been used for making machine structural, or automobile parts of which high levels of strength and toughness are required. These parts are usually manufactured by (1) shaping by rolling, and further by hot or cold working, if required, (2) heat treatment, such as hardening and tempering, for imparting strength and toughness to steel, and then, (3) cutting.

The structural alloy steel as mentioned above calls for heat treatment as a step (2) for achieving the strength and toughness which are required.

The heat treatment, or heat treatment requires a long time and a high cost. If heat treatment can be omitted, it is possible to realize a great reduction of cost and also a reduction of energy consumption, so various proposals have been made for that purpose.

There has, for example, been proposed a non heat-treated steel of the ferrite-pearlite type obtained by adding about 0.10 wt % of vanadium to medium-carbon steel containing maganese having a carbon content of 0.3 to 0.5 wt %. Vanadium carbonitride is precipitated during cooling after hot rolling to strengthen the ferrite, while the strength of the pearlite is relied upon for raising the strength of the steel as a whole.

Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 6-63025 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 4-371547 disclose as hot forging steels non heat-treated steels of the bainitic or martensitic type which are produced by adding manganese, chromium, vanadium, etc. to low carbon steels having a carbon content of, say, 0.05 to 0.3 wt %.

Referring to the former non heat-treated steel of the ferrite-pearlite type, however, it is difficult to produce steel having both high tensile strength and high toughness. The carbon present in the amount of 0.3 to 0.5 wt % as the cementite in the ferrite raises the strength of steel, but lowers its toughness. Moreover, as the vanadium carbonitride precipitated in the ferrite-pearlite structure is relied upon for raising the strength of steel, only a limited range of cooling rate is applicable to produce steel which is stable in properties. It is necessary to control its cooling rate after rolling, or hot working, and its manufacturing process is accordingly complicated. Cold working, such as cold forging, makes it possible to raise the strength of steel without increasing its carbon content, but makes it impossible to obtain steel which is comparable in toughness to heat-treated steel.

The latter non heat-treated steel of the bainitic type proposed in Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 6-63025 is inferior in yield strength to heat-treated steel when it is only hot forged. In order to raise its yield strength, it is essential to subject it to aging treatment at a temperature of 200° C. to 600° C. after hot forging and allow it to cool (in the air). Therefore, it is impossible to achieve a reduction of energy consumption as one of the merits of non heat-treated steel. No reduction of energy consumption can be achieved by the process for manufacturing high-strength and high-toughness non heat-treated steel proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 4-371547, either, since it calls for tempering. If this kind of steel is used for making a small part, it is easy to obtain a satisfactorily high level of toughness, since it is possible to employ a high cooling rate after hot forging. When it is used for making a large part, however, it is impossible to obtain a satisfactorily high level of toughness steadily unless the cooling rate after hot forging can be so controlled as to be sufficiently high.

Japanese Patent Applications Laid-Open Nos. Hei 8-144019 and Hei 9-111336 disclose low carbon steels containing copper and boron which exhibit a satisfactorily high level of toughness even if a low cooling rate may be employed. It is, however, often the case that the manufacture of a machine structural part includes cutting after various steps of working, such as rolling and forging, and heat treatment, as stated before. It is, therefore, essential for any industrially useful material to have not only high strength and high toughness, but also high machinability. The low carbon steels containing copper and boron are, however, not intended for achieving any practically acceptable level of machinability as required for making a machine structural part, since they are mainly intended for achieving high toughness without being heat-treated.

Moreover, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 60-92450 discloses steel having its strength improved by the precipitation of copper. This steel is made by adding 0.5 to 2 wt % of copper to nitriding steel, and has its strength increased by the precipitation of copper during its nitriding. Its disclosure does not discuss anything about machinability, either. Moreover, as the steel has a carbon content of 0.05 to 0.3 wt %, its tensile strength is greatly lowered by mass effect when applied to a material, or part having a large diameter or size and thus a low cooling rate.

It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a non heat-treated steel which can be used as hot or cold worked, and yet exhibits high strength, high toughness and excellent machinability even when used for making a large structural part.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors of this invention, have arrived at this invention as a result of our study of the composition of a non heat-treated steel which exhibits satisfactorily high levels of tensile strength, yield strength and toughness, and also excellent machinability even when used for making a large part without undergoing any cooling at a controlled rate, or any aging after hot rolling or working. We have found means and results as stated below:

(1) Toughness improved by a great amount of carbon reduction of steel;

(2) Strength of steel improved by precipitation of copper and a solid solution of nickel;

(3) High strength and toughness achieved by the addition of manganese, and also e.g. niobium or boron, if required; and

(4) Machinability improved, and fatigue strength achieved by the combination of copper and sulfur.

It is, among others, our novel discovery that copper is effective for achieving both high strength and high machinability, as stated at (2) and (4) above, insofar as these two properties have hitherto been considered as acting against each other.

This invention resides in a non heat-treated steel containing less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.50 wt % S and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N. It may further contain one or more elements of any of groups I to IV as shown below, or a combination thereof:

I. Not more than 0.5 wt % W, not more than 0.5 wt % V and not more than 0.1 wt % Ti;

II. Not more than 3.0 wt % Cr, not more than 1.0 wt % Mo, not more than 0.15 wt % Nb and not more than 0.03 wt % B;

III. Not more than 0.1 wt % Zr, not more than 0.02 wt % Mg, not more than 0.1 wt % Hf and not more than 0.02 wt % REM; and

IV. Not more than 0.10 wt % P, not more than 0.30 wt % Pb, not more than 0.10 wt % Co, not more than 0.02 wt % Ca, not more than 0.05 wt % Te, not more than 0.10 wt % Se, not more than 0.05 wt % Sb and not more than 0.30 wt % Bi.

Explanation will now be made of the reasons for the limitation of the ranges of the chemical elements in the steel of this invention.

C: Less than 0.05 wt %

Steel having a carbon content of 0.05 wt % or more is likely to have its toughness lowered by the precipitation of the pearlite, depending on the cooling rate after hot rolling or working. Therefore, it has to be kept at less than 0.05 wt %, and preferably not more than 0.03 wt %.

Si: 0.005 to 2.0 wt %

At least 0.005 wt % of silicon is necessary to ensure the deoxidation of steel and its strengthening by a solid solution, but if it exceeds 2.0 wt %, it lowers the toughness of steel.

Mn: 0.5 to 5.0 wt %

At least 0.5 wt % of manganese is necessary to improve the hardenability of steel and achieve its high strength, but if it exceeds 5.0 wt %, it lowers the machinability of steel. Thus, its amount is restricted within the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt %.

Ni: 0.1 to 10.0 wt %

Nickel is an element which is effective for improving the strength and toughness of steel, and also for preventing its hot embrittlement during rolling if it contains copper. It is, however, expensive, and even if it may be added in any amount exceeding 10.0 wt %, no better result can be expected. Therefore, its amount is restricted within the range of 0.1 to 10.0 wt %.

Cu: More than 1.0 to 4.0 wt %

Copper is added for strengthening steel by precipitation, and for improving its machinability by cooperating with sulfur. It is necessary to add more than 1.0 wt %, and preferably at least 1.5 wt % of copper in order to ensure that its addition be effective, but if it exceeds 4.0 wt %, it sharply lowers the toughness of steel. Therefore, its amount is restricted within the range of more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt %.

S: 0.005 to 0.50 wt %

Sulfur improves the machinability of steel by cooperating with copper. It is necessary to add at least 0.005 wt %, and preferably more than 0.010 wt % of sulfur in order to ensure that its addition be effective, but if it exceeds 0.50 wt %, it lowers the cleanliness and toughness of steel.

Description will now be made in detail of the results of experiments conducted for examining the effects which copper and sulfur would have on the machinability of steel.

A plurality of steel blooms having different compositions as shown in Table 1 were prepared by continuous casting, and hot rolled into bars having a diameter of 100 mm, and the steels bars were cooled from a temperature of 800° C. to 400° C. at a cooling rate of 0.001 to 80° C./s.

The steel bars which had been cooled at a rate of 0.1° C./s were tested for machinability. The results are shown in FIG. 1. The machinability tests were conducted by using an carbide tip for turning the outer periphery of each steel bar with a 200 m/min cutting speed, 0.25 mm/rev feed and 2 mm depth of cut without using any lubricant, and continuing the cutting operation until the tool had 0.2 mm flank wear, and the total time of the cutting operation was taken as the life of the tool. The tool has a life of about 500 seconds on a commonly used machine structural steel designated as SCM435QT by JIS G4105.

The chips which had been formed by the outer periphery turning tests were examined for their shapes. The results are shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, each double circle shows the case in which the chips were in good shape and as small as not more than 5 mm in length, each circle shows the case in which the chips were a mixture of small ones and ones larger than 5 mm, but not larger than 20 mm in length, each triangle shows the case in which the chips were a mixture of ones larger than 5 mm, but not larger than 20 mm in length and ones larger than 20 mm in length, and each cross shows the case in which almost all of the chips were larger than 20 mm in length and adversely affected the efficiency of the turning operation.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                                   (wt %)                                               C     Si     Mn     S     Cu   Ni   Al   N     O                               ______________________________________                                         0.010-                                                                               0.30-  1.80-  0.001-                                                                               0.5- 1.30-                                                                               0.03-                                                                               0.001-                                                                               0.001-                          0.020 0.40   2.00   0.05  3.0  1.40 0.05 0.004 0.004                           ______________________________________                                    

It is obvious from FIGS. 1 and 2 that it is necessary for steel to have a copper content of more than 1.0 wt % and a sulfur content of at least 0.005 wt % in order to achieve a tool life of at least 1,000 seconds which is about twice longer than what is obtained when a common material is cut, while ensuring that the chips which are formed be in good shape. A copper content of at least 1.5 wt % and a sulfur content of more than 0.010 wt % are preferred to impart a still higher machinability to steel.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 showing the relation as found between the rate of cooling after rolling and the tensile strength (TS) of steel. Steel containing 2.0 wt % of copper has a tensile strength of at least 900 MPa when cooled at a rate not exceeding about 5° C./s after rolling. Copper is finely precipitated during cooling and thereby serves to increase the strength of steel. An ordinary process for manufacturing steel bars employs a cooling rate not exceeding 1° C./s after rolling. It is, thus, obvious that the steel according to this invention makes it possible to achieve a high strength without calling for any control of the rate of cooling after rolling.

FIG. 4 shows an increase of strength as obtained at a cooling rate of 0.1° C./s with an increase in the proportion of copper. It is obvious from FIG. 4 that the value of ΔTS (a difference in TS from steel not containing any copper) shows a sharp increase when the proportion of copper exceeds 1.0 wt %. It is also obvious that the presence of at least 1.5 wt % of copper makes it possible to achieve a still higher strength.

It has also been a problem of the conventional steel that a steel bar is likely to have a difference in strength between its case and core portions due to its tendency to have a softer structure and a lower tensile strength at a lower cooling rate. This tendency has been remarkable in a steel bar having a large diameter, and has made it necessary to control the cooling rate for a steel bar having a large diameter. On the other hand, the strength of the steel containing copper according to this invention hardly depends upon the cooling rate, as is obvious from FIG. 3. It is, therefore, possible to avoid both any difference in strength between steel bars due to their difference in diameter and any radial variation in tensile strength due to a difference in cooling rate between the case and core portions of a bar allowed to cool.

Al: 0.0002 to 1.0 wt %

Aluminum serves as a deoxidizing agent and also forms AlN with nitrogen to form a finer structure. In this connection, steel is required to contain at least 0.0002 wt % of aluminum, but if its content exceeds 1.0 wt %, alumina-type inclusions increase and lower the toughness of steel. Its proportion is, thus, in the range of 0.0002 to 1.0 wt %.

N: 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt %

Nitrogen forms a precipitate of AlN with aluminum and it forms pinning sites for restraining the growth of crystal grains and serves to form a finer structure and improve the toughness of steel. If its proportion is less than 0.0010 wt %, no satisfactory precipitation of AlN occurs, but if it exceeds 0.0200 wt %, no better result can be expected, but a solid solution of nitrogen lowers the toughness of steel. Its proportion is, therefore, in the range of 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt %.

The steel of this invention may further contain other chemical elements, as shown below, to have a still higher strength and exhibit an improved machinability when cut to make a final product.

It is beneficial to add one or more of not more than 0.5 wt % of tungsten, not more than 0.5 wt % of vanadium and not more than 0.1 wt % of titanium to improve the strength of steel.

W: Not more than 0.5 wt %

Tungsten forms a solid solution to strengthen steel and also reacts with carbon to form a precipitate of WC which acts effectively to increase its strength. If its proportion exceeds 0.5 wt %, however, it brings about a sharp reduction in toughness.

V: Not more than 0.5 wt %

Vanadium forms a precipitate of V(C,N) to strengthen steel, and the precipitate of V(C,N) formed in the austenitic region serves to form nuclei for the growth of ferrite and thereby enable the formation of a finer structure and an improvement of toughness. If its proportion exceeds 0.5 wt %, however, no better result can be expected, but it brings about a problem such as cracking during continuous casting.

Ti: Not more than 0.1 wt %

Titanium strengthens steel by precipitation, fixes carbon or nitrogen to improve its toughness, and also serves as a deoxidizing agent. If too much titanium exists, however, it forms a coarse precipitate of TiN which lowers the toughness of steel. Its proportion is, therefore, not more than 0.1 wt %.

It is beneficial to add one or more of not more than 3.0 wt % of chromium, not more than 1.0 wt % of molybdenum, not more than 0.15 wt % of niobium and not more than 0.03 wt % of boron in order to improve the hardenability of steel and thereby its strength.

Cr: Not more than 3.0 wt %

Chromium is effective for increasing strength, but if any excess thereof exists, it lowers toughness, and its proportion is, therefore, not more than 3.0 wt %.

Mo: Not more than 1.0 wt %

Molybdenum is effective for increasing strength at normal and elevated temperatures, but is expensive, and its proportion is, therefore, not more than 1.0 wt %.

Nb: Not more than 0.15 wt %

Niobium is effective for improving the hardenability of steel, strengthening it by precipitation and improving its toughness, but if its proportion exceeds 0.15 wt %, it has an adverse effect on the hot rolling property of steel.

B: Not more than 0.03 wt %

Boron improves hardenability, but even if more than 0.03 wt % may exist, no better result can be expected. Its proportion is, therefore, not more than 0.03 wt %.

For deoxidation, and for dividing the crystal grains finely for improved toughness, it is beneficial to add one or more of not more than 0.1 wt % of zirconium, not more than 0.02 wt % of magnesium, not more than 0.1 wt % of hafnium and not more than 0.02 wt % of REM.

Zr: Not more than 0.1 wt %

Zirconium is a deoxidizing agent and is also effective for dividing the crystal grains finely to achieve an improved strength and toughness, but even if its proportion may exceed 0.1 wt %, no better result can be expected.

Mg: Not more than 0.02 wt %

Magnesium is a deoxidizing agent and is also effective for dividing the crystal grains finely to achieve an improved strength and toughness, but even if its proportion may exceed 0.02 wt %, no better result can be expected.

Hf: Not more than 0.1 wt %

Hafnium is effective for dividing the crystal grains finely to achieve an improved strength and toughness, but even if its proportion may exceed 0.1 wt %, no better result can be expected.

REM: Not more than 0.02 wt %

REM is effective for dividing the crystal grains finely to achieve an improved strength and toughness, but even if its proportion may exceed 0.02 wt %, no better result can be expected.

For a further improvement of its machinability, the steel may contain one or more of not more than 0.10 wt % of phosphorus, not more than 0.30 wt % of lead, not more than 0.10 wt % of cobalt, not more than 0.02 wt % of calcium, not more than 0.05 wt % of tellurium, not more than 0.10 wt % of selenium, not more than 0.05 wt % of antimony and not more than 0.30 wt % of bismuth.

P: Not more than 0.10 wt %

Phosphorus can be added to improve machinability, but its proportion should not be more than 0.10 wt %, since it has an adverse effect on toughness and fatigue strength.

Pb: Not more than 0.30 wt %

Lead is an element having such a low melting point that it is melted by the heat generated by steel when it is cut, and exhibit a liquid lubricant action to improve its machinability, but if its proportion exceeds 0.30 wt %, no better result can be expected, but it lowers the fatigue strength of steel.

Co: Not more than 0.10 wt %

Ca: Not more than 0.02 wt %

Te: Not more than 0.05 wt %

Sb: Not more than 0.05 wt %

Bi: Not more than 0.30 wt %

Cobalt, calcium, tellurium, antimony and bismuth improve machinability, as lead does, but even if they may be added in excess of 0.10 wt %, 0.02 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.05 wt % and 0.30 wt %, respectively, no better result can be expected, but they lower the fatigue strength of steel.

Se: Not more than 0.10 wt %

Selenium combines with manganese to form MnSe which acts as a chip breaker to improve machinability. If its proportion exceeds 0.10 wt %, however, it has an adverse effect on fatigue strength.

All of these additional elements are effective, even if their proportion may be as small as 0.001 wt %.

The non heat-treated steel of this invention having its basic composition as stated above exhibits high strength, high toughness and high machinability, even if it may have a low cooling rate after rolling or hot working. Therefore, it is not necessary to control strictly the conditions for cooling after rolling or hot working, but it is possible to employ the conditions which are usually employed for rolling machine structural steels, and for manufacturing parts.

For example, a hot rolled steel bar having the basic composition as stated above may be heated to 1200° C., be hot rolled or forged at a temperature of 1000° C. to 1200° C. into a specific shape, and be allowed to cool in the air, or cooled slowly to yield a product having properties as intended.

Although the hot rolled or forged product does not require any special treatment, it is also possible to cool it to room temperature and reheat it at a temperature of at least 300° C., but below 800° C. for at least 30 seconds in order to increase its strength.

The steel having the basic composition as stated before can also be used for cold working after hot rolling and cooling to room temperature. Cold working may be cold rolling, drawing or forging, but is not restricted to these.

If high toughness is required, steel may be held at a temperature of at least 300° C., but below 800° C. for at least 30 seconds after cold working.

Moreover, the steel of this invention can be used for purposes involving cutting after heat treatment which is usually employed for automobile parts (such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding or softnitriding), or for rolling or sliding parts, or spring steel owing to its high strength, toughness and fatigue strength.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effects of the proportion of copper on the life of a tool;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effects of the proportions of copper and sulfur on the nature of chips;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effects of the rate of cooling after rolling on tensile strength; and

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effects of the proportion of copper on an increase of strength.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS EXAMPLE 1

A plurality of blooms were prepared by continuous casting from each of steels having chemical compositions as shown in Tables 2 to 5. The blooms were hot rolled into bars having diameters of 40 mm.o slashed., 200 mm.o slashed. and 400 mm.o slashed., and the bars were cooled from 800° C. to 400° C. at a cooling rate of 0.1° C./s or 0.5° C./s. Some of the bars were slowly cooled from 800° C. to 400° C. at a cooling rate of 0.002° C./s to 0.01° C./s. A part of the bars having a diameter of 40 mm.o slashed. were rapidly cooled from 800° C. to 400° C. at a cooling rate of 5° C./s. Moreover, a portion of the bars were heat treated by holding at 550° C. for 40 minutes.

The conventional non heat-treated steels shown as steels 54 and 55 in Table 5 were cooled at a rate of 0.5° C./min, 0.1° C./min or 0.002° C./min after rolling, as the steels of this invention were, and the heat-treated steels conforming to JIS and shown as steels 56 to 58 were heated at 880° C. for an hour after rolling, were quenched in oil having a temperature of 60° C., and were tempered at 580° C. for an hour.

The steel bars were, then, tested for mechanical properties. The results are shown in Tables 6 and 7.

Tensile tests were conducted for determining the yield strength (YS), tensile strength (TS), elongation (El) and reduction of area (RA) of a tensile testpiece (JIS #4) taken from each bar at a point spaced apart from its case by a distance equal to 1/4 of its diameter. Impact tests were conducted for determining at a temperature of 20° C. the impact value (uE₂₀) of an impact testpiece (JIS #3) taken from each bar at a point spaced apart from its case by a distance equal to 1/4 of its diameter. The fatigue limit ratio is the ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength as determined by testing a rotary bending testpiece (JIS #1 smooth testpiece) at a rotating speed of 4000 rpm.

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Steel                                                                             C  Si Mn S  Cu Ni Al N   Others                                                                              O   Remarks                                   __________________________________________________________________________     1  0.008                                                                             0.27                                                                              2.07                                                                              0.015                                                                             2.20                                                                              1.18                                                                              0.034                                                                             0.0018                                                                             --   0.0028                                                                             Invention                                 2  0.046                                                                             0.27                                                                              2.06                                                                              0.016                                                                             2.13                                                                              1.15                                                                              0.034                                                                             0.0023                                                                             --   0.0020                                                                             "                                         3  0.011                                                                             1.68                                                                              2.08                                                                              0.020                                                                             2.18                                                                              1.23                                                                              0.037                                                                             0.0032                                                                             --   0.0028                                                                             "                                         4  0.01i                                                                             0.32                                                                              0.78                                                                              0.018                                                                             2.11                                                                              1.19                                                                              0.041                                                                             0.0033                                                                             --   0.0031                                                                             "                                         5  0.012                                                                             0.33                                                                              4.80                                                                              0.022                                                                             2.22                                                                              1.21                                                                              0.033                                                                             0.0026                                                                             --   0.0022                                                                             "                                         6  0.012                                                                             0.25                                                                              1.98                                                                              0.007                                                                             1.97                                                                              0.94                                                                              0.041                                                                             0.0030                                                                             --   0.0022                                                                             "                                         7  0.008                                                                             0.18                                                                              2.05                                                                              0.41                                                                              2.18                                                                              1.21                                                                              0.033                                                                             0.0021                                                                             --   0.0021                                                                             "                                         8  0.008                                                                             0.26                                                                              2.51                                                                              0.018                                                                             1.13                                                                              1.06                                                                              0.036                                                                             0.0028                                                                             --   0.0023                                                                             "                                         9  0.009                                                                             0.24                                                                              1.98                                                                              0.021                                                                             3.82                                                                              1.08                                                                              0.041                                                                             0.0029                                                                             --   0.0022                                                                             "                                         10 0.007                                                                             0.25                                                                              1.88                                                                              0.019                                                                             2.15                                                                              0.30                                                                              0.021                                                                             0.0024                                                                             --   0.0021                                                                             "                                         11 0.009                                                                             0.27                                                                              1.92                                                                              0.021                                                                             2.06                                                                              9.80                                                                              0.033                                                                             0.0026                                                                             --   0.0026                                                                             "                                         12 0.008                                                                             0.28                                                                              1.75                                                                              0.032                                                                             2.11                                                                              1.82                                                                              0.001                                                                             0.0025                                                                             --   0.0028                                                                             "                                         13 0.010                                                                             0.26                                                                              1.88                                                                              0.024                                                                             2.08                                                                              1.33                                                                              0.88                                                                              0.0028                                                                             --   0.0027                                                                             "                                         14 0.011                                                                             0.24                                                                              1.81                                                                              0.022                                                                             1.87                                                                              1.42                                                                              0.033                                                                             0.0162                                                                             --   0.0026                                                                             "                                         15 0.012                                                                             0.28                                                                              1.92                                                                              0.048                                                                             2.37                                                                              1.06                                                                              0.008                                                                             0.0028                                                                             Ti:                                                                              0.050                                                                             0.0033                                                                             "                                         16 0.009                                                                             0.24                                                                              1.83                                                                              0.024                                                                             2.22                                                                              1.42                                                                              0.032                                                                             0.0081                                                                             V:                                                                               0.12                                                                              0.0029                                                                             "                                         17 0.015                                                                             0.26                                                                              2.14                                                                              0.014                                                                             1.99                                                                              2.08                                                                              0.033                                                                             0.0026                                                                             W:                                                                               0.02                                                                              0.0031                                                                             "                                         __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Steel                                                                             C  Si Mn S  Cu Ni Al  N   Others       O   Remarks                          __________________________________________________________________________     18 0.013                                                                             0.32                                                                              1.90                                                                              0.022                                                                             2.09                                                                              1.09                                                                              0.030                                                                              0.0018                                                                             Nb: 0.040    0.0026                                                                             Invention                        19 0.009                                                                             0.52                                                                              1.79                                                                              0.028                                                                             2.11                                                                              1.20                                                                              0.023                                                                              0.0019                                                                             Cr: 0.82     0.0040                                                                             "                                20 0.006                                                                             0.42                                                                              2.37                                                                              0.037                                                                             2.14                                                                              1.83                                                                              0.021                                                                              0.0018                                                                             Mo: 0.25     0.0039                                                                             "                                21 0.012                                                                             0.51                                                                              1.72                                                                              0.021                                                                             2.26                                                                              1.20                                                                              0.029                                                                              0.0017                                                                             B: 0.0030    0.0032                                                                             "                                22 0.011                                                                             0.27                                                                              1.93                                                                              0.032                                                                             2.13                                                                              1.11                                                                              0.023                                                                              0.0029                                                                             Ti: 0.045, Nb: 0.032                                                                        0.0035                                                                             "                                23 0.009                                                                             0.24                                                                              1.83                                                                              0.024                                                                             2.22                                                                              1.42                                                                              0.033                                                                              0.0096                                                                             V: 0.080, Cr: 1.2                                                                           0.0029                                                                             "                                24 0.010                                                                             0.32                                                                              1.90                                                                              0.022                                                                             2.05                                                                              1.09                                                                              0.022                                                                              0.0031                                                                             Ti: 0.042, Mo: 0.8                                                                          0.0026                                                                             "                                25 0.008                                                                             0.31                                                                              1.96                                                                              0.026                                                                             2.09                                                                              1.12                                                                              0.036                                                                              0.0086                                                                             V: 0.092, B: 0.0020                                                                         0.0025                                                                             "                                26 0.015                                                                             0.31                                                                              1.96                                                                              0.035                                                                             2.34                                                                              1.14                                                                              0.024                                                                              0.0025                                                                             Zr: 0.010    0.0011                                                                             "                                27 0.041                                                                             0.24                                                                              1.80                                                                              0.031                                                                             2.03                                                                              1.12                                                                              0.120                                                                              0.0026                                                                             Mg: 0.012    0.0012                                                                             "                                28 0.012                                                                             0.30                                                                              2.18                                                                              0.026                                                                             2.07                                                                              1.21                                                                              0.028                                                                              0.0074                                                                             Ti: 0.041, Hf: 0.020                                                                        0.0011                                                                             "                                29 0.019                                                                             0.52                                                                              1.90                                                                              0.022                                                                             2.08                                                                              1.20                                                                              0.029                                                                              0.0110                                                                             V: 0.090, REM: 0.001                                                                        0.0013                                                                             "                                30 0.013                                                                             0.33                                                                              2.09                                                                              0.023                                                                             2.13                                                                              1.11                                                                              0.048                                                                              0.0033                                                                             P: 0.052     0.0027                                                                             "                                31 0.007                                                                             0.27                                                                              2.06                                                                              0.016                                                                             2.19                                                                              1.32                                                                              0.034                                                                              0.0021                                                                             Pb: 0.16     0.0021                                                                             "                                32 0.009                                                                             0.28                                                                              2.12                                                                              0.018                                                                             2.13                                                                              1.25                                                                              0.035                                                                              0.0019                                                                             Co: 0.05     0.0024                                                                             "                                33 0.008                                                                             0.29                                                                              2.03                                                                              0.019                                                                             2.09                                                                              1.15                                                                              0.036                                                                              0.0022                                                                             Ca: 0.009    0.0023                                                                             "                                34 0.008                                                                             0.30                                                                              2.22                                                                              0.021                                                                             2.22                                                                              1.16                                                                              0.041                                                                              0.0023                                                                             Te: 0.005    0.0021                                                                             "                                35 0.010                                                                             0.32                                                                              2.19                                                                              0.033                                                                             2.16                                                                              1.21                                                                              0.052                                                                              0.0025                                                                             Se: 0.03     0.0025                                                                             "                                36 0.011                                                                             0.33                                                                              2.08                                                                              0.026                                                                             2.28                                                                              1.24                                                                              0.042                                                                              0.0026                                                                             Sb: 0.02     0.0032                                                                             "                                37 0.009                                                                             0.41                                                                              1.98                                                                              0.024                                                                             1.96                                                                              1.32                                                                              0.036                                                                              0.0033                                                                             Bi: 0.02     0.0026                                                                             "                                38 0.010                                                                             0.32                                                                              2.05                                                                              0.022                                                                             1.88                                                                              1.05                                                                              0.039                                                                              0.0025                                                                             Ti: 0.032, P: 0.021                                                                         0.0021                                                                             "                                39 0.011                                                                             0.41                                                                              1.89                                                                              0.016                                                                             2.32                                                                              0.96                                                                              0.041                                                                              0.0021                                                                             Ti: 0.036, Fb: 0.16                                                                         0.0020                                                                             "                                40 0.008                                                                             0.32                                                                              2.03                                                                              0.018                                                                             2.09                                                                              1.97                                                                              0.033                                                                              0.0018                                                                             V: 0.086, Ca: 0.004                                                                         0.0023                                                                             "                                41 0.019                                                                             0.32                                                                              1.46                                                                              0.011                                                                             1.74                                                                              0.20                                                                               0.0003                                                                            0.0024                                                                             Ti: 0.021, Zr: 0.019, P: 0.009                                                              0.0048                                                                             "                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 4                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Steel                                                                             C  Si  Mn S  Cu Ni Al  N   O   Remarks                                      __________________________________________________________________________     42 0.058                                                                             0.26                                                                               2.02                                                                              0.015                                                                             2.08                                                                              1.06                                                                              0.040                                                                              0.0028                                                                             0.0021                                                                             Comparative                                  43 0.012                                                                              0.003                                                                             2.09                                                                              0.017                                                                             2.17                                                                              1.10                                                                              0.030                                                                              0.0031                                                                             0.0081                                                                             "                                            44 0.010                                                                             2.10                                                                               2.04                                                                              0.021                                                                             2.02                                                                              1.03                                                                              0.032                                                                              0.0029                                                                             0.0022                                                                             "                                            45 0.018                                                                             0.32                                                                               0.42                                                                              0.031                                                                             2.18                                                                              1.28                                                                              0.051                                                                              0.0028                                                                             0.0021                                                                             "                                            46 0.020                                                                             0.33                                                                               5.20                                                                              0.041                                                                             1.94                                                                              1.27                                                                              0.048                                                                              0.0033                                                                             0.0021                                                                             "                                            47 0.022                                                                             0.42                                                                               1.88                                                                              0.023                                                                             2.23                                                                              0.08                                                                              0.021                                                                              0.0031                                                                             0.0028                                                                             "                                            48 0.011                                                                             0.28                                                                               2.03                                                                              0.017                                                                             0.85                                                                              0.99                                                                              0.029                                                                              0.0041                                                                             0.0031                                                                             "                                            49 0.012                                                                             0.31                                                                               2.06                                                                              0.019                                                                             4.21                                                                              1.48                                                                              0.055                                                                              0.0033                                                                             0.0026                                                                             "                                            50 0.014                                                                             0.25                                                                               2.06                                                                              0.002                                                                             2.10                                                                              1.05                                                                              0.038                                                                              0.0031                                                                             0.0029                                                                             "                                            51 0.021                                                                             0.40                                                                               1.03                                                                              0.054                                                                             2.38                                                                              9.40                                                                               0.0008                                                                            0.0030                                                                             0.0092                                                                             "                                            52 0.012                                                                             0.23                                                                               2.10                                                                              0.092                                                                             2.33                                                                              1.37                                                                              1.10                                                                               0.0029                                                                             0.0031                                                                             "                                            53 0.013                                                                             0.05                                                                               1.89                                                                              0.024                                                                             2.13                                                                              1.23                                                                              0.021                                                                              0.0230                                                                             0.0029                                                                             "                                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Steel                                                                             C  Si Mn S  Cu Ni Al N   Others        Remarks                              __________________________________________________________________________     54 0.020                                                                             1.24                                                                              1.53                                                                              0.055                                                                             0.45                                                                              0.02                                                                              0.002                                                                             0.0030                                                                             Ti: 0.020, V: 0.150, Nb: 0.012,                                                              Comparative                                                      Cr: 0.21, P: 0.017                                 55 0.450                                                                             0.25                                                                              1.35                                                                              0.045                                                                             0.02                                                                              0.03                                                                              0.001                                                                             0.0031                                                                             V: 0.120, P: 0.015                                                                           "                                    56 0.350                                                                             0.22                                                                              0.75                                                                              0.012                                                                             0.02                                                                              0.04                                                                              0.035                                                                             0.0028                                                                             Cr: 1.10, P: 0.012, Mo: 0.21                                                                 "                                    57 0.420                                                                             0.25                                                                              0.85                                                                              0.018                                                                             0.01                                                                              0.03                                                                              0.025                                                                             0.0032                                                                             Cr: 1.09, P: 0.011, Mo: 0.23                                                                 "                                    58 0.420                                                                             0.23                                                                              0.87                                                                              0.106                                                                             0.01                                                                              0.05                                                                              0.026                                                                             0.0027                                                                             Cr: 1.,07, P: 0.010, Mo: 0.26,                                                               "                                                                Pb: 0.21                                           __________________________________________________________________________      Note: 54 and 55 are Conventional non heattreated, steels and 56, 57 and 5      are heattreated steels Conforming to JIS.                                

The machinability of each steel was determined by repeating the tests of which the results are shown in FIG. 1, and the evaluation of chips was made by repeating the tests of which the results are shown in FIG. 2.

As is obvious from Tables 6 and 7, the steels according to this invention showed a high strength, TS, of at least 827 MPa irrespective of the size of the bar as rolled and the rate of cooling after hot rolling. Moreover, they were satisfactorily high in ductility, too, as confirmed by an El value of at least 19% and an RA value of at least 60%. They were also very high in toughness as confirmed by an impact value, uE₂₀, of at least 121 J/cm².

They were superior in machinability to the conventional non heat-treated steels 54 and 55. While the addition of a free-cutting element to a conventional heat-treated steel lowered its fatigue limit ratio as is obvious from a comparison of Comparative Steels 57 and 58, the steels of this invention showed a high fatigue limit ratio owing to a fine precipitate of copper preventing a reduction of their fatigue limit ratio by the free-cutting element added.

Comparative steel 42 was low in toughness due to its carbon content exceeding the range as defined by this invention. Steel 43 showed a low fatigue limit ratio due to its high oxygen content, since its silicon content was lower than the range as defined by this invention. Steel 44 was low in toughness due to its silicon content exceeding the range as defined by this invention. Steel 45 was low in strength due to its manganese content lower than the range as defined by this invention. Steel 46 was low in toughness due to its manganese content exceeding the range as defined by this invention. Steel 47 showed hot embrittlement during rolling due to its nickel content lower than the range as defined by this invention. Due to its copper content lower than the range as defined by this invention, steel 48 was low in strength, and unacceptable in the nature of chips resulting from the outer peripheral turning of the bar. Steel 49 was low in toughness due to its copper content exceeding the range as defined by this invention. Steel 50 was poor in machinability and poor in the nature of chips due to its sulfur content lower than the range as defined by this invention. Steel 52 was low in toughness due to its aluminum content exceeding the range as defined by this invention. Steel 53 was low in toughness due to its nitrogen content exceeding the range as defined by this invention.

The conventional non heat-treated steel 55 showed a great dependence of its strength, ductility and toughness on the cooling rate. Steel 55 having a ferrite-pearlite structure showed a TS of as low as 745 MPa even at a high cooling rate and a still lower TS at a low cooling rate. Its toughness was only about 38 J/cm² even at a high cooling rate and only about 28 J/cm² at a low cooling rate.

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________             Rate of                                                                   Diameter                                                                            cooling                                                                   as   after hot                     Fatigue                                                                            Tool                                    rolled                                                                              rolling     YS  TS  El RA uE.sub.20                                                                          limit                                                                              life                                                                              Nature                            Steel                                                                             (mmφ)                                                                           (° C./s)                                                                    Reheating                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (%)                                                                               (%)                                                                               (J/cm.sup.2)                                                                       ratio                                                                              (s)                                                                               of chips                                                                           Remarks                       __________________________________________________________________________      1  40  0.5 --      741 918 26 72 209 0.53                                                                               2855                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                      1  40  0.5 550° C., 40 min                                                                 763 942 24 68 200 0.53                                                                               2450                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              1  40  5   550° C., 40 min                                                                 764 938 24 68 202 0.52                                                                               2260                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              1 200  0.1 --      745 920 26 72 208 0.53                                                                               2720                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              1 400  0.01                                                                               --      738 916 26 72 210 0.53                                                                               2835                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              1 400  0.002                                                                              --      729 911 26 72 211 0.53                                                                               2975                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              2 200  0.1 --      743 941 24 68 200 0.51                                                                               2580                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              3 200  0.1 --      762 964 23 67 192 0.52                                                                               2965                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              4 200  0.1 --      684 845 27 73 235 0.51                                                                               2805                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              5 200  0.1 --      837 1059                                                                               21 63 158 0.53                                                                               3090                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              6 200  0.1 --      695 869 27 73 227 0.54                                                                               1885                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              7 200  0.1 --      757 912 26 72 211 0.53                                                                               5745                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              8 200  0.1 --      667 827 28 75 242 0.53                                                                               1950                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                              9 200  0.1 --      987 1234                                                                               19 60 121 0.54                                                                               4530                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             10 200  0.1 --      717 885 27 73 221 0.52                                                                               2890                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             11 200  0.1 --      807 1022                                                                               21 63 171 0.52                                                                               2900                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             12 200  0.1 --      745 897 27 73 216 0.53                                                                               3320                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             13 200  0.1 --      704 891 27 73 219 0.53                                                                               3035                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             14 200  0.1 --      706 872 28 75 226 0.52                                                                               2870                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             15  40  0.5 --      758 960 22 65 194 0.53                                                                               3950                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             15 200  0.1 --      753 953 22 65 196 0.51                                                                               4010                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             15 400  0.002                                                                              --      747 946 22 65 199 0.51                                                                               3985                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             16 200  0.1 --      761 951 2i 63 197 0.53                                                                               3170                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             17 200  0.1 --      736 932 22 65 204 0.52                                                                               2485                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             18  40  0.5 --      726 931 24 68 204 0.52                                                                               2965                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                     18 200  0.1 --      725 929 24 68 265 0.54                                                                               2965                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             18 400  0.002                                                                              --      717 919 24 68 208 0.52                                                                               2870                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             19 200  0.1 --      750 937 23 67 202 0.51                                                                               3200                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             20 200  0.1 --      770 951 24 68 197 0.53                                                                               3485                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             21 200  0.1 --      753 941 23 67 200 0.52                                                                               3085                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             22 200  0.1 --      773 931 23 67 204 0.53                                                                               3345                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             23 200  0.1 --      808 997 20 62 180 0.5W                                                                               3170                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             24 200  0.1 --      751 939 23 67 201 0.53                                                                               2930                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             25 200  0.1 --      735 930 23 67 204 0.52                                                                               3115                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             26  40  0.5 --      755 956 24 68 255 0.54                                                                               3585                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             26 200  0.1 --      750 949 26 72 248 0.55                                                                               3655                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             26 400  0.002                                                                              --      743 940 25 70 236 0.55                                                                               3745                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             27 200  0.1 --      722 903 27 73 262 0.55                                                                               3210                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             28 200  0.1 --      718 909 27 73 271 0.55                                                                               3095                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             29 200  0.1 --      756 933 26 72 249 0.56                                                                               2955                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 7                                      __________________________________________________________________________             Rate of                                                                   Diameter                                                                            cooling                                                                   as   after hot                     Fatigue                                                                            Tool                                    rolled                                                                              rolling     YS  TS  El RA uE.sub.20                                                                          limit                                                                              life                                                                              Nature                            Steel                                                                             (mmφ)                                                                           (° C./s)                                                                    Reheating                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (%)                                                                               (%)                                                                               (J/cm.sup.2)                                                                       ratio                                                                              (s)                                                                               of chips                                                                           Remarks                       __________________________________________________________________________     30  40  0.5 --      764 921 26 72 208 0.52                                                                               4765                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                     30 200  0.1 --      757 912 27 73 211 0.53                                                                               4570                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             30 400  0.002                                                                              --      754 909 27 73 212 0.53                                                                               4156                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             31 200  0.1 --      734 918 25 70 209 0.52                                                                               4980                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             32 200  0.1 --      720 911 26 71 211 0.52                                                                               5360                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             33 200  0.1 --      726 869 26 72 217 0.53                                                                               4820                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             34 200  0.1 --      773 931 23 67 204 0.54                                                                               5770                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             35 200  0.1 --      746 921 22 65 208 0.52                                                                               6465                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             36 200  0.1 --      744 942 24 68 200 0.53                                                                               5620                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             37 200  0.1 --      701 876 28 75 224 0.52                                                                               6420                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             38 200  0.1 --      691 886 28 75 220 0.53                                                                               3760                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             39 200  0.1 --      754 942 24 68 200 0.53                                                                               6615                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             40 200  0.1 --      739 935 26 71 203 0.54                                                                               5855                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             41 200  0.1 --      690 852 28 75 233 0.53                                                                               2755                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             42 200  0.1 --      779 939 24 68  58 0.51                                                                               2620                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Comparative                   43 200  0.1 --      727 909 26 72 212 0.38                                                                               2805                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             44 200  0.1 --      733 940 24 68  48 0.51                                                                               2860                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             45 200  0.1 --      526 723 27 73 234 0.50                                                                               3365                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             46 200  0.1 --      836 1032                                                                               20 62  52 0.50                                                                               3340                                                                              ◯                                                                      "                             47 200  0.1 --      --  --  -- -- --  --  -- --  (Hot embrit-                                                                   tlement)                      48 200  0.1 --      508 651 32 82 306 0.50                                                                               1670                                                                              X   Comparative                   49 200  0.1 --      1074                                                                               1326                                                                               17 57  60 0.51                                                                               4730                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             50 200  0.1 --      704 902 26 72 215 0.49                                                                               620                                                                               X   "                             51 200  0.1 --      853 1093                                                                               22 65 145 0.28                                                                               4130                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             52 200  0.1 --      771 952 23 67  49 0.52                                                                               4526                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             53 200  0.1 --      717 896 27 73  37 0.51                                                                               3083                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                             54  40  0.5 --      568 838 20 58  64 0.51                                                                                468                                                                              X   Comparative                   54 200  0.1 --      554 804 20 59  62 0.51                                                                                498                                                                              X   "                             54 400  0.002                                                                              --      506 724 26 68  82 0.50                                                                                468                                                                              X   "                             55  40  0.5 --      529 745 21 60  38 0.49                                                                                556                                                                              X   "                             55 200  0.1 --      505 715 20 58  31 0.49                                                                                592                                                                              X   "                             55 400  0.002                                                                              --      462 674 24 64  28 0.50                                                                                514                                                                              X   "                             56  40  0.5 Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  795 942 18 62  79 0.52                                                                                294                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     56 200  0.02                                                                               Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  632 803 20 64  82 0.51                                                                                494                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     56 400  0.002                                                                              Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  593 763 21 65  94 0.51                                                                                551                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     57  40  0.5 Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  863 1042                                                                               17  60                                                                               88  0.52                                                                                150                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     57 200  0.02                                                                               Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  806 983 19 62  96 0.51                                                                                234                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     57 400  0.01                                                                               Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  762 932 21 62 102 0.51                                                                                308                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     58  40  0.5 Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  862 1032                                                                               15 51  65 0.29                                                                                863                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     58 200  0.02                                                                               Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  802 979 17 58  74 0.28                                                                                821                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                         580° C.                                                     58 400  0.01                                                                               Q: 880° C., T:                                                                  728 928 17 59  81 0.30                                                                                915                                                                              Δ                                       580° C.                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

Comparative steel 54 had a good balance between strength and toughness at any cooling rate as compared with comparative steel 55, but was inferior in all the properties to the conventional heat-treated steels 56 and 57 and the steels of this invention. It is, thus, obvious that the conventional non heat-treated steels 54 and 55 are unsuitable for a large part having a low cooling rate, though they may be used for a small part having a relatively high cooling rate.

On the other hand, the steel of this invention has only a very little dependence of its mechanical properties, or toughness on the cooling rate. Accordingly, it gives better properties than any conventional heat-treated steel to any parts having a different shape, such as a large cross section. More specifically, it uniformly imparts not only high levels of strength, ductility and toughness, but also good machinability and property of forming good chips.

EXAMPLE 2

Blooms were prepared by continuous casting from steels having different compositions as selected from those shown in Tables 2 to 5. The blooms were heated to 1150° C., and hot rolled into bars having a diameter of 200 mm. The bars were heated to 1200° C., hot forged into bars having a diameter of 30 mm, and cooled, from 800° C. to 500° C. at a cooling rate of 0.05° C./s to 5° C./s. Some of the bars were heat treated by holding at 550° C. for 40 minutes. Steels 56 and 57 were heated at 900° C. for an hour after rolling, quenched in oil having a temperature of 60° C., and tempered at 570° C. for an hour.

The steel bars were, then, tested for mechanical properties. The results are shown in Table 8. The tensile and impact tests were conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1. A drilling test was conducted for determining as a measure of machinability the total depth of holes made by a drill before it broke. The test was conducted by employing a high-speed steel drill having a diameter of 5 mm at a rotating speed of 2000 rpm with 0.15 mm/rev feed to make a hole having a depth of 15 mm. The tests of which the result were shown in FIG. 2 were repeated for the evaluation of chips.

                                      TABLE 8                                      __________________________________________________________________________        Rate of cooling                     Drill                                      after hot forging YS  TS  El RA uE.sub.20                                                                          life                                                                              Nature                               Steel                                                                             (° C./s)                                                                        Reheating (MPa)                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (%)                                                                               (%)                                                                               (J/cm.sup.2)                                                                       (mn)                                                                              of chips                                                                           Remarks                          __________________________________________________________________________      1 0.05    --        747 926 26 72 146 6203                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                         1 0.5     --        742 930 26 72 144 6180                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                 1 0.5     550° C., 40 min                                                                   771 962 23 67 133 5974                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                 1 5       --        746 934 25 70 143 6153                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                15 0.05    --        752 953 24 68 136 9530                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                        15 0.5     --        756 960 23 67 134 9600                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                15 5       --        749 958 23 67 134 9580                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                15 5       550° C., 40 min                                                                   782 991 21 63 122 9910                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                16 0.1     --        749 941 24 68 140 7131                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                16 0.5     --        752 944 23 67 139 7108                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                16 5       --        744 936 23 67 142 7169                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                18 0.05    --        731 942 23 67 140 6665                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                        18 0.05    550° C., 40 min                                                                   782 986 20 62 124 6367                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                18 0.5     --        728 938 24 68 142 6693                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                18 5       --        727 936 24 68 142 6707                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                22 0.05    --        768 938 23 67 142 7541                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                22 0.5     --        771 941 24 68 140 7517                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                22 5       --        765 932 24 68 144 7590                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                23 0.05    --        794 938 20 62 123 6791                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                23 0.5     --        788 983 21 63 125 6826                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                23 5       --        785 977 22 65 127 6868                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                26 0.05    --        732 935 25 70 143 8274                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                        26 0.5     --        735 939 24 68 141 8239                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                26 5       --        729 931 24 68 144 8309                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                28 0.05    --        719 908 27 73 152 7213                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                28 0.5     --        721 908 26 72 152 7213                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                28 5       --        715 904 26 72 154 7244                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                30 0.05    --        748 906 26 72 153 7112                                                                              ⊚                                                                   Invention                        30 0.5     --        744 901 27 73 155 7151                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                30 5       --        746 904 26 72 154 7127                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                38 0.05    --        701 902 28 75 155 6782                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                38 0.5     --        704 910 26 72 152 6722                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                38 5       --        699 901 27 73 155 6790                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                40 0.05    --        745 945 22 65 139 6243                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                40 0.5     --        747 948 23 67 138 6223                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                40 5       --        742 942 24 68 140 6263                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                54 0.05    --        552 802 20 59  62  540                                                                              X   Comparative                      54 0.5     --        569 840 19 58  66  480                                                                              X   "                                54 5       --        601 883 21 60  66  588                                                                              X   "                                55 0.05    --        505 713 21 59  30  624                                                                              X   "                                55 0.5     --        531 742 21 61  37  660                                                                              X   "                                55 5       --        551 766 23 64  40  672                                                                              X   "                                56 0.05    Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     795 942 18 62  79  300                                                                              Δ                                                                            Comparative                      56 0.5     Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     802 944 19 64  82  261                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                56 5       Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     798 948 18 65  94  228                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                57 0.05    Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     863 1042                                                                               17 60  62  114                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                57 0.5     Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     871 1033                                                                               19 62  68  108                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                57 5       Q: 900° C., T: 570° C.                                                     869 1038                                                                               17 62  73  180                                                                              Δ                                                                            "                                __________________________________________________________________________

As is obvious from Table 8, the steels according to this invention showed a high strength, TS, of at least 832 MPa irrespective of the rate of cooling after hot forging. They also showed a satisfactorily high ductility as confirmed by an El value of at least 21% and an RA value of at least 62%, and a very good toughness of at least 122 J/cm². They also showed a very good drill machinability as compared with the conventional non heat-treated steels 54 and 55.

On the other hand, the conventional non heat-treated steel 55 showed a great dependence of its strength, ductility and toughness on the cooling rate, as had been the case with the steel as hot rolled. Steel 55 having a ferrite-pearlite structure showed a TS as low as 766 MPa even at a high cooling rate and a still lower TS at a low cooling rate. Its toughness was only about 40 J/cm² even at a high cooling rate and only about 30 J/cm² at a low cooling rate.

Comparative steel 54 had a good balance between strength and toughness at any cooling rate as compared with comparative steel 55, but was inferior in all the properties to the conventional heat-treated steels 56 and 57 and the steels of this invention. It is, thus, obvious that the conventional non heat-treated steels 54 and 55 are unsuitable for a large part having a low cooling rate, though they may be used for a small part having a relatively high cooling rate.

On the other hand, the steel of this invention has only a very little dependence of its mechanical properties, or toughness on the cooling rate, and imparts high levels of strength, ductility and toughness uniformly to any part having a different shape, such as a large cross section.

EXAMPLE 3

Blooms were prepared by continuous casting from steels having different compositions as selected from those shown in Tables 2 to 5. The blooms were heated to 1200° C., and hot rolled into bars having a diameter of 60 mm.o slashed.. The bars were cold forged by forward extrusion into bars having a diameter of 30 to 50 mm.o slashed.. The bars were examined for any. internal crack. Some of the bars were heat treated by holding at 550° C. for 40 minutes.

Tensile testpieces (JIS #4) and impact testpieces (JIS#3) were taken from the steel bars, and tested for mechanical properties. The results are shown in Tables 9 and 10. A drilling test was conducted for determining as a measure of machinability the total depth of holes made by a drill before it broke. The test was conducted by employing a high-speed steel drill having a diameter of 4 mm.o slashed. at a rotating speed of 1500 rpm with 0.10 mm/rev feed to make a hole having a depth of 12 mm. The tests of which the result were shown in FIG. 2 were repeated for the evaluation of chips.

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________                     Crack                                                          Diameter                                                                               Diameter                                                                            Work                                                                              percent-                                                                           Heat treatment                Drill                                                                              Nature                      as rolled                                                                           as forged                                                                           ratio                                                                             tage                                                                               Harden-     YS  TS  EI RA uE.sub.20                                                                          life                                                                               of                       Steel                                                                             (mmφ)                                                                           (mmφ)                                                                           (%)                                                                               (%) ing Tempering                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (MPa)                                                                              (%)                                                                               (%)                                                                               (J/cm.sup.2)                                                                       (mm)                                                                               chips                                                                              Remarks              __________________________________________________________________________      1 60   50   31 0   --  --      767 1065                                                                               21 60 165 100 ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      863 1182                                                                               18 52 123 4594                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      928 1289                                                                               16 47 114 4215                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 809 1108                                                                               28 71 180 4901                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            15 60   50   31 0   --  --      783 1058                                                                               21 60 168 9967                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      876 1217                                                                               17 51 110 11462                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      944 1312                                                                               16 47 106 12359                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 843 1154                                                                               27 69 163 10876                                                                              ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            16 60   50   31 0   --  --      787 1063                                                                               21 60 166 8135                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      867 1212                                                                               17 51 112 9274                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      941 1297                                                                               16 47 111 9925                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 810 1129                                                                               28 71 172 8635                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            18 60   50   31 0   --  --      766 1055                                                                               22 62 169 6239                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      860 1192                                                                               18 52 119 5521                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      961 1329                                                                               16 47 126 4951                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 851 1183                                                                               26 68 152 5563                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            22 60   50   31 0   --  --      765 1069                                                                               22 62 164 6489                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      878 1230                                                                               17 51 118 5643                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      964 1337                                                                               15 45 102 5191                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 849 1163                                                                               26 68 160 5967                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            23 60   50   31 0   --  --      794 1097                                                                               21 60 154 5852                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      918 1272                                                                               16 49 118 5045                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      987 1349                                                                               15 45 109 4758                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 829 1147                                                                               25 66 166 5598                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            26 60   50   31 0   --  --      799 1103                                                                               22 62 151 6971                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention               60   40   56 0   --  --      921 1269                                                                               15 47 121 6062                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  --      988 1357                                                                               14 44 111 5668                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                       60   30   75 0   --  Hold at 550° C.                                                                 853 1167                                                                               24 64 158 6590                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                            for 40 min.                                            __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 10                                     __________________________________________________________________________        Diameter                                                                            Diameter                                                                  as   as   Work                                                                              Crack                                                             rolled                                                                              forged                                                                              ratio                                                                             percentage                                                                          Heat treatment                                            Steel                                                                             (mmφ)                                                                           (mmφ)                                                                           (%)                                                                               (%)  Hardening                                                                              Tempering                                         __________________________________________________________________________     28 60   50   31 0    --      --                                                   60   40   56 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      Hold at 550° C.                                                         for 40 min.                                       30 60   50   31 0    --      --                                                   60   40   56 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      Hoid at 550° C.                                                         for 40 min.                                       38 60   50   31 0    --      --                                                   60   40   56 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      Hold at 550° C.                                                         for 40 min.                                       40 60   50   31 0    --      --                                                   60   40   56 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      --                                                   60   30   75 0    --      Hold at 550° C.                                                         for 40 min.                                       57 60   50   31 25   --      --                                                   60   40   56 35   --      --                                                   60   30   75 70   --      --                                                   60   30   75 70   865° C. × 30 min                                                          660° C. × 1 h                        __________________________________________________________________________                            Drill                                                                              Nature                                                 YS  TS   EI RA  uE.sub.20                                                                          life                                                                               of                                                  Steel                                                                             (MPa)                                                                              (MPa)                                                                               (%)                                                                               (%) (J/cm.sup.2)                                                                       (mn)                                                                               chips                                                                              Remarks                                         __________________________________________________________________________     28 765 1044 25 67  173 6051                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention                                          859 1190 22 59  120 5308                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  932 1284 21 55  115 4920                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  818 1117 26 68  176 5655                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                               30 799 1087 25 67  157 5926                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention                                          916 1261 23 61  118 5109                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  976 1348 21 55  107 4779                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  838 1146 26 68  166 5623                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                               38 762 1046 22 62  172 5901                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention                                          868 1203 19 54  115 5135                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  961 i329 17 49  106 4646                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  835 1143 24 64  167 5403                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                               40 815 1125 20 59  144 4989                                                                               ⊚                                                                   Invention                                          930 1276 17 51  114 4396                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  993 1372 15 45  101 4089                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                                  842 1152 22 61  164 4868                                                                               ⊚                                                                   "                                               57 669 1049 12 27   28  98 Δ                                                                            Comparative                                        741 1163 11 24   25  39 Δ                                                                            "                                                  798 1251 10 23   23  12 Δ                                                                            "                                                  834 980  12 40   59  87 Δ                                                                            "                                               __________________________________________________________________________

The conventional heat-treated steel 57 was heated at 865° C. for an hour after cold forging, quenched in oil having a temperature of 60° C., tempered at 600° C. for an hour, and tested for mechanical properties. The test results are shown in Table 10. In Tables 9 and 10, steels 1 to 40 are of this invention, and steel 57 in Table 10 is a machine structural alloy steel as specified by JIS.

As is obvious from Tables 9 and 10, the steels of this invention did not crack as a result of cold forging as opposed to comparative steel 57, but were also good in machinability and the nature of chips. It is, thus, obvious that the steel of this invention is suitable for cold forging, too.

Moreover, the steel of this invention has its impact strength improved by heat treatment after cold forging without having any substantial lowering of its tensile strength. Therefore, its heat treatment is desirable after cold working if it is intended for use in a field in which its toughness is of importance.

Industrial Utility

The non heat-treated steels of this invention have microstructures that consist essentially of granular bainitic ferrite. The microstructures can also contain bainitic ferrite or quasi-poligonal ferrite along with the granular bainitic ferrite. However, in the steels that contain bainitic ferrite or quasi-poligonal ferrite, neither of these phases affects the basic and novel characteristics of the steels.

As is obvious from the foregoing, the steel of this invention exhibits a high strength, TS, of at least 827 MPa and a high toughness, uE₂₀, of at least 101 J/cm², as well as good machinability, in its as-hot or cold worked state without calling for any heat treatment after rolling or working as a rule, and without calling for any control of the rate of cooling after rolling or hot working. The non heat-treated steel of this invention, thus, exibits a good balance between strength and toughness even when used for making a larger part than what can be made from any conventional non heat-treated steel, and it can, therefore, be used for a wide range of machine structural parts of which high levels of strength and toughness are required, such as important safety parts for automobiles, shafts, spring parts, and rolling or sliding parts. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non heat-treated steel comprising less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, more than 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.5 wt % S, and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N, the steel having a tensile strength of at least about 827 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 2. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 0.5 wt % W, not more than 0.5 wt % V and not more than 0.1 wt % Ti.
 3. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 3.0 wt % Cr, not more than 1.0 wt % Mo, not more than 0.15 wt % Nb and not more than 0.03 wt % B.
 4. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 0.1 wt % Zr, not more than 0.02 wt % Mg, not more than 0.1 wt % Hf and not more than 0.02 wt % REM.
 5. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 3.0 wt % Cr, not more than 1.0 wt % Mo, not more than 0.15 wt % Nb and not more than 0.03 wt % B, and one or more of not more than 0.1 wt % Zr, not more than 0.02 wt % Mg, not more than 0.1 wt % Hf and not more than 0.02 wt % REM.
 6. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 0.10 wt % P, not more than 0.30 wt % Pb, not more than 0.10 wt % Co, not more than 0.02 wt % Ca, not more than 0.05 wt % Te, not more than 0.10 wt % Se, not more than 0.05 wt % Sb and not more than 0.30 wt % Bi.
 7. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 3.0 wt % Cr, not more than 1.0 wt % Mo, not more than 0.15 wt % Nb and not more than 0.03 wt % B, and one or more of not more than 0.10 wt % P, not more than 0.30 wt % Pb, not more than 0.10 wt % Co, not more than 0.02 wt % Ca, not more than 0.05 wt % Te, not more than 0.10 wt % Se, not more than 0.05 wt % Sb and not more than 0.30 wt % Bi.
 8. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 0.1 wt % Zr, not more than 0.02 wt % Mg, not more than 0.1 wt % Hf and not more than 0.02 wt % REM, and one or more of not more than 0.10 wt % P, not more than 0.30 wt % Pb, not more than 0.10 wt % Co, not more than 0.02 wt % Ca, not more than 0.05 wt % Te, not more than 0.10 wt % Se, not more than 0.05 wt % Sb and not more than 0.30 wt % Bi.
 9. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, further comprising one or more of not more than 3.0 wt % Cr, not more than 1.0 wt % Mo, not more than 0.15 wt % Nb and not more than 0.03 wt % B, one or more of not more than 0.1 wt % Zr, not more than 0.02 wt % Mg, not more than 0.1 wt % Hf and not more than 0.02 wt % REM, and one or more of not more than 0.10 wt % P, not more than 0.30 wt % Pb, not more than 0.10 wt % Co, not more than 0.02 wt % Ca, not more than 0.05 wt % Te, not more than 0.10 wt % Se, not more than 0.05 wt % Sb and not more than 0.30 wt % Bi.
 10. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the steel comprises at least about 1 wt % of Mn.
 11. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the steel comprises at least about 2 wt % of Mn.
 12. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 900 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 13. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 1000 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 14. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 1300 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 15. A non heat-treated steel, comprising less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.5 wt % S, and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N, and the steel having a tensile strength of at least about 1000 MPa.
 16. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 15, wherein the steel has a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 17. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 15, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 1200 MPa.
 18. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 15, wherein the steel comprises at least about 1 wt % of Mn.
 19. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 15, wherein the steel comprises at least about 2 wt % of Mn.
 20. A non heat-treated steel, comprising less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, more than 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.5 wt % S, and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N, and the steel having a microstructure that consists essentially of granular bainitic ferrite.
 21. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the microstructure of the steel further contains bainitic ferrite.
 22. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the microstructure of the steel further contains quasi-poligonal ferrite.
 23. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel comprises at least about 1 wt % of Mn.
 24. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel comprises at least about 2 wt % of Mn.
 25. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 827 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 26. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 900 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 27. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 1000 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 28. A non heat-treated steel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the steel has a tensile strength of at least about 1300 MPa and a toughness of at least about 101 J/cm².
 29. A non heat-treated steel comprising less than 0.05 wt % C, 0.005 to 2.0 wt % Si, 0.5 to 5.0 wt % Mn, 0.1 to 10.0 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 to 4.0 wt % Cu, 0.0002 to 1.0 wt % Al, 0.005 to 0.5 wt % S, and 0.0010 to 0.0200 wt % N, the steel having a fatigue limit ratio of at least 0.51. 